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Org 8.0 comes with a completely rewritten export engine which makes it easy to write new export back-ends, either from scratch, or from deriving them from existing ones.
Your two entry points are respectively
org-export-define-backend and
org-export-define-derived-backend. To grok these
functions, you should first have a look at
ox-latex.el (for how to define a new back-end from
scratch) and ox-beamer.el (for how to derive a new
back-end from an existing one.
When creating a new back-end from scratch, the basic idea is
to set the name of the back-end (as a symbol) and an an alist of
elements and export functions. On top of this, you will need to
set additional keywords like :menu-entry (to display
the back-end in the export dispatcher),
:export-block (to specify what blocks should not be
exported by this back-end), and :options-alist (to
let the user set export options that are specific to this
back-end.)
Deriving a new back-end is similar, except that you need to
set :translate-alist to an alist of export functions
that should be used instead of the parent back-end functions.
For a complete reference documentation, see the Org Export Reference on Worg.